Oświęcim bridge um 1930

The image shows the Haberfeld factory on the right side, the Castle's tower and the bridge on the left and the River Sola in the foreground.

The first castle dates from the 12th century and was built by wood. The oldest part of the castle is the tower from 14th century. The area surrounding the castle was the location of the first Jewish settlement in Oświęcim. Today the castle houses the town museum.

The Jacob's Haberfeld Vodka and Liquor factory was owned by a Jewish family and founded by Jacob Haberfeld in 1804 as the first factory in Oświęcim. In summer of 1939 Alfons and Felicia Haberfeld travelled to the USA for a World's Fair to present their products, but because of 2nd World War they couldn't return and also after the end of 2nd World War they stayed in the USA. Their two year old daughter stayed with her grandmother in Oświęcim and was later murdered in the Holocaust. After the end of 2nd World War the factory was under state ownership but no more liquor was produced. The ruins of the buildings were demolished in 2003 and in 2018 a hotel opened in this place.

Oświęcim is today a 40,000 peoples town located in the Soła river valley. Therefore it has always been an important location for trading routes (especially salt route). 

Oświęcim's history starts in the 11th century with a settlement on the castle hill and around the year 1272 the town received municipal rights which were confirmed by the duke of Cieszyn, Mieszko I, on 3rd September 1291. In 1457 the Duchy of Oświęcim was incorporated into the Polish Crown. Half a century later, a huge fire destroyed the castle and it was rebuilt in 1534. On the 2nd half of the 16th century, the first settlement of Jews appeared in the town and a Jewish community was formed with a synagogue and a cemetery. The Jewish inhabitants called their town Oshpitzin, taken from the Hebrew word for "guests".

The town was invaded by the Swedes in 1655 and  was inhabited by no more than 200 people until the 18th century. With the first partition of Poland in 1772, Oświęcim belonged to Galicia and was under the rule of the Austrian Empire until Poland regained independence in 1918.

Before the 2nd World War about 14,000 people lived in Oświęcim and more than half of the population were Jews (around 60%). The relations between the inhabitants were mostly peaceful, also some anti-Semitic incidents occurred in 1918 and in the 1930s. In the town were around 20 synagogues and prayer houses.

During the 2nd World War Oświęcim was under German occupation and the town was annexed in the German Reich. Oświęcim was renamed Auschwitz and in spring 1940 the Germans established the Auschwitz concentration camp - firstly for Polish political prisoners, since 1942 the place served as the site of mass extermination of the European Jews. In 1941 all Jewish inhabitants of Oświęcim were deported to nearby ghettos in Będzin, Charnów and Sosnowiec and most of them were murdered later in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.

On 27th January 1945 Oświęcim and the concentration camp were liberated from German occupation. In 1947 at the site of the former camp, the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oswiecim was founded.

After the 2nd World War only a few Jewish inhabitants could return to the town - most of them were murdered in the Holocaust. In the year 2000 the last Jewish inhabitant, Szymon Kluger, died. Today there is no Jewish community in Oświęcim.